Ouch, that workout makes you wonder if you’ll be going back to the gym any time soon. Relieve those sore muscles, pain, stiffness and reduce your inflammation with these easy and safe treatments

Exercise is a great way to stay healthy and fit but sometimes those muscles are sore afterwards. Pain and discomfort can lead to lower sports performance for both amateurs and professionals. And for those who are just getting started with their exercise routine, it may discourage you from future workouts.

In addition, muscle soreness often accompanies joint pain when facing inflammatory diseases like arthritis, chronic back pain and fibromyalgia. These seven natural remedies and actions — ginger, watermelon, fish oil, coriander, sulforaphane found in cruciferous vegetables, turmeric and spa/water therapies — may reduce muscle soreness, pain and recovery time and fight your inflammatory symptoms.

1. Ginger

High-intensity exercise or unaccustomed eccentric exercise can cause the phenomenon of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), which usually results in cramps, muscle strain, impaired muscle function and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS).

Ginger possesses analgesic and pharmacological properties that mimic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs due to their ability to fight inflammation and oxidative stress.^[i]

In a study of 20 participants who did an elbow flexor exercise to induce muscle damage after a five-day supplementation period of placebo or 4 grams (g) of ginger, the ginger group had faster recovery of muscle strength but no change in muscle damage or DOMS following high-intensity resistance exercise.^[ii]

In a quasi-experimental study, 36 healthy females were evenly divided into three groups. One group took 2 g of ginger powder one hour before exercise consisting of a 20-minute step test. Another group took 2 g of ginger after exercise, and the third group took a placebo. Those in the ginger-before-exercise group reduced their pain the most, followed by ginger after exercise, which had a moderate analgesic effect compared to the placebo. The before group had significantly better outcomes than the placebo group in reducing interleukin-6 — a marker of inflammation found in DOMS.^[iii]

Another two studies involved a total of 77 participants who consumed 2 g of either raw (study 1) or heated (study 2) ginger or placebo for 11 consecutive days followed by 18 elbow flexor exercises to induce pain and inflammation. Both raw and heat-treated ginger resulted in similarly reduced pain 24 hours after exercise compared to no pain changes in the placebo group.^[iv]

2. Watermelon or L-citrulline

Watermelon — or Citrullus in Latin^[v] — is one of the richest sources of L-citrulline. This amino acid may improve vascular function through increased L-arginine bioavailability and nitric oxide synthesis, which results in improved skeletal muscle oxygenation and performance during endurance exercise.^[vi]

In 19 healthy male subjects, watermelon juice (L-citrulline) enriched with pomegranate compound ellagitannins was taken before exercise consiting of eight sets of eight repetitions of half-squats. This resulted in maintenance of force during the exercise and significant decreases in exertion and muscle soreness after the exercise.^[vii]

In a crossover design study of 21 healthy male amateur marathon runners performing two half marathons with two weeks recovery between contests, subjects either exercised two hours after drinking 3.45 grams per 500 milliliters (g/ml) of an enriched L-citrulline watermelon juice or a placebo juice.

The watermelon group had significantly lowered muscle soreness perception from 24 to 72 hours after the race and maintained lower concentrations of plasma lactate — a marker of muscle damage — after an exhausting exercise compared to the placebo group.^[viii]

In a trial of 22 trained males who consumed 2.4 g per day of L-citrulline or placebo orally for seven days, and on the eighth day took 2.4 g of L-citrulline or placebo 1 hour before completing a 4-kilometer cycling trial, L-citrulline supplementation significantly increased plasma L-arginine levels — a marker of sports performance — and reduced completion time by 1.5% compared with the placebo.

Subjective feelings of muscle fatigue and concentration immediately after exercise significantly improved with L-citrulline as well.^[ix]

3. DHA and EPA Fish Oil

Another placebo-controlled study involved 24 healthy men who took 600 milligrams (mg) of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and 260 mg of docosahexaenoic (DHA) in a fish oil supplement for eight weeks before exercise, and during five days of exercise. This alleviated any strength loss and limited joint range of motion compared to the placebo group after eccentric contractions of elbow flexors to induce muscle loss.^[x]

4. Coriander Seeds or Cilantro

Coriander Sativum L. (also known as cilantro or Chinese parsley) produces seeds and leaves that have been actively investigated for their chemical and biological properties, which include antimicrobial, antioxidant, anxiolytic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.^[xi]

Scientists believe the plentiful polyphenols identified in coriander seeds positively impact diabetes and its symptoms due to their abilities to inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress.^[xii]

Coriander has also been shown to relieve many rheumatoid arthritis symptoms such as joint pain, swelling, stiffness and cachexia — a loss of body mass, predominantly skeletal muscle, accompanied by deterioration of physical performance, disruption of metabolism and reduction in quality of life.^[xiii]

In a mouse model that evaluated the anxiety and impact on muscles of a difficult maze test, coriander seed extract at 100 milligrams per kilograms (mg/kg) reduced anxiety, relaxed muscles and relieved muscle soreness compared to a placebo.^[xiv]

5. Sulforaphane

Sulforaphane (SF) — an ingredient found in cruciferous vegetables such as Brussels sprouts, cabbage, broccoli, kale and cauliflower — is known to have chemopreventive properties in different tissues.

Male rats were treated with SF at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection (ip) for three days before undergoing an acute exhaustive treadmill exercise. SF acted as an indirect antioxidant in skeletal muscles reducing soreness and pain as well as preventing exhaustive EIMD.^[xv]

6. Curcumin or Turmeric

Strenuous exercise is often associated with inflammation and muscle damage. In a study, 28 healthy, male runners were assigned to either turmeric — curcumin longa extract — at a dose of three capsules per day, 500 mg each or a placebo of three capsules per day, 500 mg of microcrystalline cellulose, taken for four weeks and immediately before and after a half-marathon race.

The half-marathon race increased markers of inflammation and muscle damage but those taking the turmeric supplement increased their interleukin-10 — an anti-inflammatory cytokine — and decreased their myoglobin levels — an indicator of muscle damage — compared to the placebo group.^[xvi]

A combination of curcumin and piperine — black pepper — supplementation before and after exercise showed moderately lower muscle damage and an increase in muscle function (sprinting output) for 10 rugby players over the control group.^[xvii]

In a systematic review of 29 trials involving 2,396 participants with five types of arthritis, curcumin and curcuma longa extract were administered in doses ranging from 120 to 1500 mg for a duration of four to 36 weeks. In general, these treatments from the turmeric plant showed safe results and lessened the severity of inflammation and pain levels in these arthritis patients.^[xviii]

7. Spa and Hydrotherapy Treatments

In a comprehensive review of research, both hydrotherapy — therapy using water– and spa bathing therapy — treatments with mineral salts or mud using warm water — were found to have a significant pain-relieving effect in people with chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissues, such as osteoarthritis, low back pain, fibromyalgia, ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis.

The warm water eased the signals for pain, relaxed the muscles and increased blood flow, reducing pain in the area. They also consistently and significantly improved the patient’s quality of life since pain and quality of life are closely related.^[xix]

The most common symptoms of arthritis are pain, swelling, stiffness and difficulty moving a joint.^[xx] Researchers have shown that people with different types of arthritis may benefit from hydrotherapy.^[xxi] For example, one study found that people with knee osteoarthritis improved their markers of pain and knee function after eight weeks of aquatic exercise.^[xxii]

In a study of 43 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who engaged in moderately intense hydrotherapy while continuing their medication, the water therapy improved disease symptoms and markers, including lower oxidative stress, compared to a healthy control group.^[xxiii]

In a meta-analysis of 12 trials regarding chronic low back pain and the use of spa therapy, spa treatments significantly decreased chronic back pain and improved lumbar spine function over the placebo.^[xxiv]

Sixty-six patients with chronic back pain from osteoarthritis were treated for two weeks with daily mud packs and bicarbonate-alkaline mineral water baths or thermal hydrotherapy rehabilitation, a combination of the spa/hydro regimens in the treatment group or usual medication only in the control group.

All spa and water treatment groups showed clinical benefit including improvements in pain, overall disability and neck disability. Spa and hydro therapies also induced changes in proteins responsible for gene expression modulation, differentiation, angiogenesis, tissue repair, and acute and chronic inflammatory responses.^[xxv]

In a study of 28 subjects evenly divided into either a sauna therapy group or a control group, those who had a sauna before doing repeated exercise of the wrist extensor muscle had a lower deficit in range of motion and improved muscle functions — grip strength and wrist extension strength — following exercise compared to the control group.^[xxvi]

A low-cost do-it-yourself spa treatment is to add 300 grams or 1.25 cups of Epsom salts — a mineral salt containing magnesium and sulfate — to your warm bath. Experts believe Epsom salts stabilize mood, relieve stress, anxiety and depression,^[xxvii] relax muscles, relieve headaches and pain in the shoulder, neck, back and skull areas,^[xxviii] reduce inflammation and help sore muscles in the recovery period after a workout.^[xxix]

Magnesium deficiency is thought to be a major risk factor for osteoarthritis development and progression, since it increases inflammatory markers, cartilage damage, defective chondrocyte biosynthesis, which impacts cartilage connective tissues, and abnormal calcification and weakens the effect of pain medications.^[xxx] Epsom salt baths have been shown to increase magnesium and sulfate levels in research participants.^[xxxi]

Healthy Habits for Sore and Achy Muscles

For safe and natural ways to address muscle soreness, pain and stiffness as well as damage caused by exercise, sports, injury or inflammatory diseases, add these seven new healthy habits of using ginger, enhanced watermelon juice, coriander, turmeric, cruciferous veggies, omega-3 fish oil or spa/hydro therapies. See GreenMedInfo.com for more information on the topics of muscle soreness or exercise-induced muscle damage.

---

References

[i] Nafiseh Shokri Mashhadi, Reza Ghiasvand, Gholamreza Askari, Mitra Hariri, Leila Darvishi, Mohammad Reza Mofid. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence. Int J Prev Med. 2013 Apr ;4(Suppl 1):S36-42. PMID: 23717767

[ii] Melissa D Matsumura, Gerald S Zavorsky, James M Smoliga. The Effects of Pre-Exercise Ginger Supplementation on Muscle Damage and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. Phytother Res. 2015 Jun ;29(6):887-93. Epub 2015 Mar 18. PMID: 25787877

[iii] Khadijeh Hoseinzadeh, Farhad Daryanoosh, Parvin Javad Baghdasar, Hamid Alizadeh. Acute effects of ginger extract on biochemical and , f symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015 ;29:261. Epub 2015 Sep 12. PMID: 26793652

[iv] Black CD, Herring MP, Hurley DJ, O’Connor PJ. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces muscle pain caused by eccentric exercise. J Pain. 2010 Sep;11(9):894-903. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.12.013. Epub 2010 Apr 24. PMID: 20418184.

[v] Paris HS. Origin and emergence of the sweet dessert watermelon, Citrullus lanatus. Ann Bot. 2015 Aug;116(2):133-48. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcv077. Epub 2015 Jul 3. PMID: 26141130; PMCID: PMC4512189.

[vi] Figueroa A, Wong A, Jaime SJ, Gonzales JU. Influence of L-citrulline and watermelon supplementation on vascular function and exercise performance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017 Jan;20(1):92-98. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000340. PMID: 27749691.

[vii] Martínez-Sánchez A, Alacid F, Rubio-Arias JA, Fernández-Lobato B, Ramos-Campo DJ, Aguayo E. Consumption of Watermelon Juice Enriched in l-Citrulline and Pomegranate Ellagitannins Enhanced Metabolism during Physical Exercise. J Agric Food Chem. 2017 Jun 7;65(22):4395-4404. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00586. Epub 2017 May 26. PMID: 28513179.

[viii] Ascensión Martínez-Sánchez, Domingo J Ramos-Campo, Bárbara Fernández-Lobato, Jacobo A Rubio-Arias, Fernando Alacid, Encarna Aguayo. Biochemical, physiological, and performance response of a functional watermelon juice enriched in L-citrulline during a half-marathon race. Food Nutr Res. 2017 ;61(1):1330098. Epub 2017 Jun 13. PMID: 28659740

[ix] Takashi Suzuki, Masahiko Morita, Yoshinori Kobayashi, Ayako Kamimura. Oral L-citrulline supplementation enhances cycling time trial performance in healthy trained men: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016 ;13:6. Epub 2016 Feb 19. PMID: 26900386

[x] Yosuke Tsuchiya, Kenichi Yanagimoto, Koichi Nakazato, Kohsuke Hayamizu, Eisuke Ochi. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids-rich fish oil supplementation attenuates strength loss and limited joint range of motion after eccentric contractions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 Apr 16. Epub 2016 Apr 16. PMID: 27085996

[xi] Laribi B, Kouki K, M’Hamdi M, Bettaieb T. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and its bioactive constituents. Fitoterapia. 2015 Jun;103:9-26. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.03.012. Epub 2015 Mar 14. PMID: 25776008.

[xii] Hamza Mechchate, Imane Es-Safi, Amal Amaghnouje, Smahane Boukhira, Amal A Alotaibi, Mohammed Al-Zharani, Fahd A Nasr, Omar M Noman, Raffaele Conte, El Hamsas El Youbi Amal, Hicham Bekkari, Dalila Bousta. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiabetic Proprieties of LC-MS/MS Identified Polyphenols from Coriander Seeds. Molecules. 2021 Jan 18 ;26(2). Epub 2021 Jan 18. PMID: 33477662

[xiii] Jia H, Wen Y, Aw W, Saito K, Kato H. Ameliorating Effects of Coriander on Gastrocnemius Muscles Undergoing Precachexia in a Rat Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Proteomics Analysis. Nutrients. 2021 Nov 12;13(11):4041. doi: 10.3390/nu13114041. PMID: 34836295; PMCID: PMC8621435.

[xiv] Masoumeh Emamghoreishi, Mohammad Khasaki, Maryam Fath Aazam. Coriandrum sativum: evaluation of its anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus-maze. Mol Cancer Ther. 2007 Mar;6(3):1013-21. Epub 2007 Mar 5. PMID: 15619553

[xv] Marco Malaguti, Cristina Angeloni, Nuria Garatachea, Marta Baldini, Emanuela Leoncini, Pilar S Collado, Gabriella Teti, Mirella Falconi, Javier Gonzalez-Gallego, Silvana Hrelia. Sulforaphane treatment protects skeletal muscle against damage induced by exhaustive exercise in rats. J Appl Physiol. 2009 Oct;107(4):1028-36. Epub 2009 Aug 27. PMID: 19713431

[xvi] Flávia Rasmussen Faria, Aline Corado Gomes, Alisson Antunes, Kênnia Rocha Rezende, Gustavo Duarte Pimentel, Camila Lemos Pinto Oliveira, Barbara Moura Antunes, Fabio Santos Lira, Marcelo Saldanha Aoki, João Felipe Mota. Effects of turmeric extract supplementation on inflammation and muscle damage after a half-marathon race: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020 Jul ;120(7):1531-1540. Epub 2020 May 2. PMID: 32361773

[xvii] Barthélémy Delecroix, Abd Elbasset Abaïdia, Cédric Leduc, Brian Dawson, Grégory Dupont. Curcumin and Piperine Supplementation and Recovery Following Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sports Sci Med. 2017 Mar ;16(1):147-153. Epub 2017 Mar 1. PMID: 28344463

[xviii] Liuting Zeng, Tiejun Yang, Kailin Yang, Ganpeng Yu, Jun Li, Wang Xiang, Hua Chen. Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin and Extract in the Treatment of Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Immunol. 2022 ;13:891822. Epub 2022 Jul 22. PMID: 35935936

[xix] Kamioka H, Nobuoka S, Iiyama J. Overview of Systematic Reviews with Meta-Analysis Based on Randomized Controlled Trials of Balneotherapy and Spa Therapy from 2000 to 2019. Int J Gen Med. 2020 Jul 22;13:429-442. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S261820. PMID: 32801839; PMCID: PMC7383020.

[xx] Medical News Today.com, Articles. Symptoms. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7621#symptoms

[xxi] Medical News Today.com. Articles. Hydrotherapy. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hydrotherapy

[xxii] Taglietti M, Facci LM, Trelha CS, de Melo FC, da Silva DW, Sawczuk G, Ruivo TM, de Souza TB, Sforza C, Cardoso JR. Effectiveness of aquatic exercises compared to patient-education on health status in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2018 Jun;32(6):766-776. doi: 10.1177/0269215517754240. Epub 2018 Feb 8. PMID: 29417831.

[xxiii] Mateen, S., Moin, S., Khan, A.Q., Zafar, A., Fatima, N. and Shahzad, S. (2018), Role of hydrotherapy in the amelioration of oxidant-antioxidant status in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Int J Rheum Dis, 21: 1822-1830. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13118

[xxiv] Bai R, Li C, Xiao Y, Sharma M, Zhang F, Zhao Y. Effectiveness of spa therapy for patients with chronic low back pain: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Sep;98(37):e17092. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017092. PMID: 31517832; PMCID: PMC6750337.

[xxv] Angioni MM, Denotti A, Pinna S, Sanna C, Montisci F, Dessole G, Loi A, Cauli A. Spa therapy induces clinical improvement and protein changes in patients with chronic back pain. Reumatismo. 2019 Oct 24;71(3):119-131. doi: 10.4081/reumatismo.2019.1200. PMID: 31649376.

[xxvi] Peanchai Khamwong, Aatit Paungmali, Ubon Pirunsan, Leonard Joseph. Prophylactic Effects of Sauna on Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness of the Wrist Extensors. Asian J Sports Med. 2015 Jun ;6(2):e25549. Epub 2015 Jun 20. PMID: 26446307

[xxvii] Eby GA 3rd, Eby KL. Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: a review and hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2010 Apr;74(4):649-60. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.10.051. Epub 2009 Nov 27. PMID: 19944540.

[xxviii] Banerjee S, Jones S. Magnesium as an Alternative or Adjunct to Opioids for Migraine and Chronic Pain: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2017 Apr 20. PMID: 29334449.

[xxix] Health. Cleveland Clinic.org. 7 Things You probably didn’t know about Epsom Salt. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/7-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-epsom-salt/

[xxx] Li Y, Yue J, Yang C. Unraveling the role of Mg(++) in osteoarthritis. Life Sci. 2016 Feb 15;147:24-9. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.029. Epub 2016 Jan 19. PMID: 26800786.

[xxxi] Sea Salt.com. Media. Upload. Report on Absorption of Magnesium Sulfate. https://seasalt.com/media/uploads/pdf/report_absorption-of-magnesium-sulfate.pdf